USCIB Promotes Business Innovation at Historic UN Environment Assembly

4772_image002

Norine Kennedy (USCIB) speaks at the UN Environment Assembly’s side event on the roles of UNEP, the sustainable development goals and business.
Norine Kennedy (USCIB) speaks at the UN Environment Assembly’s side event on the roles of UNEP, the sustainable development goals and business.

USCIB and its business network took part in the first-ever UN Environment Assembly (UNEA) last week in Nairobi.

UNEA is the governing body of the UN Environment Program, meeting for the first time since it was created by the UN General Assembly.   This principal UN environmental body has a membership of all 193 UN member states, making it the only “universal” body of the UN aside from the General Assembly. Over 1,200 participants, 170 national delegations, and 80 ministers were on hand for the five-day event from June 23 to 27 at UNEP’s HQ in Nairobi, Kenya.

USCIB representatives in Nairobi included Norine Kennedy, USCIB’s vice president for strategic international engagement, environment and energy, who serves as a co-chair of the UNEP coordinating group for non-governmental interests.  The UN Environment Assembly’s agenda and outcomes included decisions on illegal trade in timber and wildlife, air quality and chemicals. During the five day meeting, UNEA also convened symposia on “Financing the Green Economy” and “The Environmental Rule of Law.”

The Green Economies Dialogue (GED) held a side event on June 26 in Nairobi on “The Role of the UN Environment Program (UNEP), the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and Business.”  Held during the first ever U.N. Environment Assembly, this business event was co-hosted with the International Organization of Employers (IOE) and the International Council of Chemicals Associations.

The side event discussed new green growth challenges and priorities linked to the SDGs relevant to UNEP’s environmental mandate, which include economic growth, jobs, sustainable consumption and production, resource efficiency.  Business speakers highlighted the necessary enabling frameworks in trade, investment and innovation that must be reflected in the SDGs to support private sector contributions to economic and environmental progress.

The GED project is now focused on the “green economy” and “green growth” aspects of the U.N.’s Post 2015 Development Agenda and related UNEP and OECD efforts.  GED is a project under the auspices of the U.S. Council Foundation that was launched to inform the Rio+20 policy debate.   GED developed information, tools and a platform for business to engage with national governments, thought leaders, academics and others on the way to Rio+20. These included Dialogue events in Washington, Paris, Beijing, Tokyo and Brasilia, and a set of peer-reviewed papers published in Energy Economics that provided academic Green Perspectives on many business-relevant issues.

Speakers at the GED event included:

Simon Darlington, President, East Africa,  Alstom

Charles Arden Clarke, U.N. Environment Program 10 Year Framework of Programs on Sustainable Consumption and Production

Helen Marquard, executive director, the SEED Initiative

Weru Macharia, Kenyan representative, IOE

Brian P. Flannery, Chair, International Business Green Economies Dialogue

 

Staff Contact: Norine Kennedy

More on USCIB’s Environment Committee

USCIB Delivers Business Recommendations on UN Sustainable Development Goals

4669_image001In a January 31 paper, USCIB identified four broad prerequisites and catalysts for the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The paper sets out USCIB’s view that the SDGs and broader UN Post-2015 Development Agenda are vital to improving the UN’s contributions to development and sustainability. The USCIB SDG Recommendations also call for substantive engagement opportunities for representative business organizations to participate in and inform the UN SDG deliberations.

The USCIB SDG Recommendations focus on:

  • Good Governance
  • Economic Growth and Economic Empowerment
  • Innovation
  • Infrastructure

The paper highlights 10 issues that merit particular attention in the SDGs, with many elements in common with those set out in the UN High Level Panel on the Post-2015 Development Agenda. USCIB developed these Recommendations via its SDG Working Group chaired by Brian Lowry (Monsanto) and Tam Nguyen (Bechtel).

“The U.S. business community has a strong stake in meaningful and practical SDGs,” said Norine Kennedy, USCIB’s Vice President for Strategic International Engagement. “National implementation and the right conditions in-country are the foundations on which a UN new paradigm for international development should be based. The SDGs will be successfully put into practice in those countries that have institutions and practices in place, and involve their private sector in meaningful ways.”

USCIB, working with the Global Business Alliance for Post-2015 Development, will continue to weigh in at UN meetings to frame the SDGs, and in the High-Level Political Forum that will be held in New York this July. The SDGs are slated to be completed and delivered to the UN General Assembly for approval in 2015.

Staff contact: Norine Kennedy

UN and Business Must Make Common Cause in Post-2015 Agenda UN Official Declares

UN Deputy Secretary General Jan Eliasson
UN Deputy Secretary General Jan Eliasson

The business community and the United Nations must rediscover their sense of shared purpose and “reconnect in building a world where international peace and prosperity reinforce each other,” according to UN Deputy Secretary General Jan Eliasson.

Eliasson spoke at last night’s USCIB’s International Leadership Award Dinner. His remarks came as USCIB and its allied business groups seek to provide business input into the development of the UN’s post-2015 development agenda, which aims to expand upon the Millennium Development Goals agreed in 2000.

The gala dinner, held at the Waldorf-Astoria in New York, honored Fred Smith, chairman and CEO of FedEx Corp., who received USCIB’s top award before an audience of several hundred USCIB members, diplomats and business representatives from around the world.

“There is more than just an overlap between United Nations development goals and private sector interests,” Eliasson stated. “We share common ground. If we can get, during the next two years, an acceleration of reaching these goals, then we will create the political momentum to move ahead and address sustainability, poverty and the rule of law.”

USCIB Chairman Terry McGraw (president, chairman and CEO of McGraw Hill Financial) urged business and the UN to work together to map out an ambitious – and achievable – post-2015 development agenda. “This represents a historic opportunity to forge a global consensus in support of public-private activities to lead growth and create a more robust, inclusive world economy,” he said.

McGraw said business will seek to promote several fundamental objectives in the context of the post-2015 agenda. These include setting goals that are achievable in every country, putting a focus on improving national governance, implementing sound macro-economic and fiscal policies, establishing effective national institutions, and providing adequate incentives for business to contribute.

L-R: The UN’s Eliasson, FedEx CEO Fred Smith, USCIB Chairman Terry McGraw, USCIB President and CEO Peter Robinson
L-R: The UN’s Eliasson, FedEx CEO Fred Smith, USCIB Chairman Terry McGraw, USCIB President and CEO Peter Robinson

Well deserved accolades for FedEx’s Smith

FedEx’s Smith accepted USCIB’s International Leadership Award on behalf of his company’s employees around the world. “Let me commend USCIB for the important work you are doing,” he said. “I think all of us in this room believe in the power of access, of connecting people, of ideas. Improving people’s lives through global growth has been an important and valuable mission. We are shoulder-to-shoulder with you in this important work.”

Smith is the 32nd individual to receive the USCIB award, which was presented most recently to Andrew Liveris of Dow Chemical. The award recognizes efforts to expand world trade and investment, and to improve the competitive environment for American business globally.

Smith founded FedEx Corp. in 1973, and it has grown into a $44-billion global transportation, business services and logistics company. McGraw praised him for his vision and leadership. “Fred Smith has been an active proponent of regulatory reform, free trade and open skies agreements for aviation around the world,” said McGraw. “Most recently, he has advocated for vehicle energy-efficiency standards and a national energy policy. FedEx is consistently ranked among the world’s most admired and trusted employers and inspires its employees to remain absolutely, positively focused on safety, the highest ethical and professional standards and the needs of their customers and communities.”

USCIB’s global network turns out

Among those attending this year’s event were members of the executive board of the International Chamber of Commerce, the world business organization for which USCIB serves as the American national committee, as well as the heads of ICC chapters from around the world. The secretaries general of each of USCIB’s affiliated global business groups – ICC, the International Organization of Employers, and the Business and Industry Advisory Committee to the OECD – also attended the gala.

The dinner marked a starting point for a series of events organized by USCIB, ICC and other business-related groups to focus industry attention on the development of the UN’s post-2015 development agenda. Among the highlights will be USCIB-organized “door-knock” consultations on October 26 for USCIB members with key government delegations and the UN secretariat.

That same day, USCIB will convene a Green Economies Dialogue luncheon roundtable on economic and green growth considerations of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Speakers at the roundtable will include representatives from academia, important governments and the UN to consider policy options that work within the global marketplace.

Staff contact: Jonathan Huneke

More on USCIB’s International Leadership Award Dinner

Fedex website

BIAC to Participate in OECD/IEA Global Forum on Climate Change

The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) has for a long-time made a major contribution to international climate discussions, among others by contributing fact-based analysis of least-cost policies and by helping countries identify and implement effective and efficient policy mixes to meet their commitments. The Climate Change Expert Group, for which the OECD and the International Energy Agency (IEA) are providing secretariat support, is playing an important role in promoting dialogue on and enhancing understanding of technical issues in the international climate change negotiations and has contributed detailed analysis on a range of issues relevant to the on-going negotiations (see the flyer of the Climate Change Expert Group for an overview of the Group’s work).

The private sector is closely involved, contributing to a series of expert meetings. The next Global Forum on Climate Change organized by the Expert Group will take place at the OECD Headquarters on September 18-19. The Business and Industry Advisory Committee to the OECD will offer the business perspective on key elements needed for an effective 2015 agreement, addressing issues related to effective climate finance, emissions accounting for post-2020 commitments as well as the broader benefits of climate change mitigation.

Staff contact: Norine Kennedy

More on USCIB’s Environment Committee

US Business to Meet With Government and UN Representatives in New York

USCIB will hold “UN Door Knock” consultations on September 26 for USCIB members to meet with important government delegations and highlight key business recommendations on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the Post-2015 Development Agenda and Green Growth. As the global community looks to set a new blue print for development, building on the MDGs and Rio outcomes, business is making a strong case to bring forward policies that drive economic growth, environmental stewardship and social development.

USCIB’s UN Door Knock consultations will signal the strong interest of U.S. business in a well-designed UN gameplan for development that involves and incents business. The meetings will also make the case for enhanced business engagement in the UN.

The Door Knock will be hosted by Pfizer and will begin with an orientation breakfast for USCIB Members. The day will consist of a series of consultations with representatives of the UN, the United States, Japan, and the European Union.

USCIB will also convene an International Business Green Economies Dialogue (GED) Luncheon Roundtable. This event will discuss the ways in which the SDGs can contribute to enabling frameworks for development, poverty eradication andgreener economic activity through innovation, investment and partnership
at national and international levels. It will highlight practicality for and the contribution from U.S. companies doing business in globalized marke

The GED luncheon roundtable will feature panel sessions on:

  • SDGs and Enabling Frameworks at the National
    Level—Job Creation and Infrastructure
  • SDGs and Enabling Frameworks at the International Level—Finance, Investment and Technology Deployment

The Roundtable will include invited speakers from government (Brazil, U.S., Kenya, Colombia), academia (Resources for the Future, MIT, UC San Diego) and the private sector (International Organization of Employers, USCIB).

To register for this event, please email Kira Yevtukhova (kyevtukhova@uscib.org). Please note that participation in this event is restricted to USCIB members and invited guests.

Staff contact: Norine Kennedy

Analysis UN Secretary General Report on the Millennium Development Goals and the Post2015 Development Agenda

In preparation for next month’s UN General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and Post-2015 Development Agenda, Secretary General Ban Ki-moon has released a report, A Life of Dignity for All, containing his updates on the MDGs and vision for the road ahead. The Secretary General’s report, which will form the foundation for post-2015 discussions, highlights critical elements that have driven success in the achievement of the MDGs and which can contribute to the success of a post-2015 development agenda.

  • Emphasizing inclusive growth, decent employment and social protection;
  • Allocating more resources for essential services and ensuring access for all;
  • Strengthening political will and improving the international policy environment;
  • Harnessing the power of multi-stakeholder partnerships.

At its August 22, 2013 meeting, the USCIB SDGs Working Group noted many themes in the SG reports which USCIB has also drawn attention to in its advocacy, such as conducive business environments, the importance of rule of law and well-functioning institutions and the importance of job creation. Julie Kim, ECOSOC Counsellor, US Mission to the United Nations described U.S. perspectives and expectations on the UN Post-2015 Development Agenda and SDGs, indicating that countries are still discussing how formal SDG negotiations will commence in February. USCIB’s SDG Working Group, co-chaired by Tam Nguyen, Chevron, and Brian Lowry, Monsanto, is defining USCIB recommendations and priorities on the SDGs. For more information on USCIB’s SDG Working Group and ongoing involvement in the Post-2015 Development Agenda, click here. Contact Adam Greene (agreene@uscib.org) or Norine Kennedy (nkennedy@uscib.org) to join the working group or for further details.

Secretary General Ban’s report highlights sustainable development — enabled by the integration of economic growth, social justice and environmental stewardship — as a global guiding principle and operational standard. According to Ban Ki-Moon, this universal agenda requires profound economic transformations and a new global partnership. It also requires the international community, including the UN, to embrace a more coherent and effective response to support the agenda.

The report calls for a new, broader set of targets beyond 2015 that reflect new global realities and challenges. The goals should be measurable, adaptable to both global and local settings and apply to all countries.

Secretary General Ban believes that a universal development agenda beyond 2015 will require:

  • A robust framework for sustainable development finance including both private and public funding
  • A broadening of the tax base and an improvement of tax administration
  • A commitment by the public and private scientific and research communities to develop new and transformative technologies

On September 25, the General Assembly will convene a special event to review current efforts to achieve the Millennium Development Goals and rally political support for their acceleration. The event will reflect on the broad contours of the development agenda beyond 2015.  The General Assembly could launch the final phase of the intergovernmental consultations on a post-2015 development agenda at its sixty-ninth session [September 2014].

Conclusion/Calls to Action

Secretary General Ban concludes his report by making a series of calls on:

  • Member States and the entire international community to take every step possible to achieve the Millennium Development Goals;
  • Member States to adopt a universal post-2015 development agenda, with sustainable development at its core, and provide clarity on the road map to 2015;
  • The international system to embrace a more coherent and effective response to support this agenda.

Elements of a Post-2015 Agenda

A life of dignity for all: accelerating progress towards the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and advancing the UN development agenda beyond 2015

The UN SG’s report calls for transformative and mutually reinforcing actions that will apply to all countries. These include:

  • Eradicating poverty in all its forms
  • Tackling exclusion and inequality
  • Empowering women and girls
  • Providing quality education and lifelong learning
  • Improving health
  • Addressing climate change
  • Addressing environmental challenges
  • Promoting inclusive and sustainable growth and decent employment
  • Ending hunger and malnutrition
  • Addressing demographic challenges
  • Enhancing the positive contribution of migrants
  • Meeting the challenges of urbanization
  •  Building peace and effective governance based on the rule of law and sound institutions
  • Fostering a renewed global partnership
  • Strengthening the international development cooperation network

A USCIB comparative matrix of the reports on the SDGs by the UN Secretary General, the Post-2015 High-level Panel, the Sustainable Development Solutions Network and the UN Global Compact is available here.

Staff contact: Norine Kennedy

Comparative Matrix Expert Group Reports Proposals for Sustainable Development Goals

USCIB has updated its comparative matrix of the proposed goals and targets in the reports by the Post-2015 High-level Panel, the Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN), and the UN Global Compact to include Secretary General Ban Ki-moon’s report, which will serve as the basis for post-2015 discussions. The first three reports reviewed in this matrix were alldelivered to the Secretary General and served as input to his report, A life of dignity for all: accelerating progress towards the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and advancing the UN development agenda beyond 2015,  to the September 2013 General Assembly Special Event on the MDGs and the Post-2015 Development Agenda.

While USCIB sees useful elements in some of the proposals, it does not endorse any of the suggested goals and is developing business recommendations to the UN for consideration as the SDGs are elaborated.

Common thematic elements in the reports include:

  • a continued focus and effort on the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (i.e. the eradication of extreme poverty and hunger, education, and empowering women)
  • a focus on governance and enabling frameworks (i.e. transparency, accountability, access to information and participation)
  • goals specifically referencing common environmental issues (i.e. water, natural resources, biodiversity and sanitation)
  • a major focus on curbing climate change and ensuring sustainable energy
  • an emphasis on economic growth through modernizing infrastructure and technology

Click here to download the updated comparative matrix.

Staff contacts: Norine Kennedy and Adam Greene

New UN High Level Political Forum to Focus on Sustainable Development through Head of State Meetings

What is the UN High Level Political Forum (HLPF)?

The 2012 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20) agreed to establish the High Level Political Forum (HLPF), a new UN body to replace the Commission on Sustainable Development. In June 2013, Member States concluded several months of political negotiations to define the “Format and Organizational Aspects of the high-level political forum.”  This new body is expected to play a central role in framing the UN’s Post-2015 Development Agenda.

The new high-level political forum, consistent with its intergovernmental universal character, will:

  • Provide political leadership, guidance and recommendations for sustainable development;
  • Follow up on implementation of all UN activities related to sustainable development, including the SDGs;
  • Enhance the integration of the three dimensions of sustainable development (economic, social and environmental);
  • Have a focused, dynamic and action-oriented agenda, ensuring the appropriate consideration of new and emerging sustainable development challenges

When will the HLPF meet?

The date for its first meeting is September 24, 2013 during the opening of the 68th Session of the UN General Assembly.  The first meeting will be an inaugural event and substantive sessions will be scheduled later in the year.  The HLPF will conveneannually at the ministerial level under the auspices of the UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) and it will, every four years, bring together heads of State and Government, under the auspices of the UN General Assembly, to provide political momentum for sustainable development.

How to participate and the role of business:

USCIB, working with the ICC and other business groups, has represented U.S. business in UN sustainability meetings since 1992. The creation of the HLPF offers USCIB an opportunity to provide U.S. business views on economic, social and environmental dimensions of sustainability, and to offer practical private sector experiences relating to the enabling conditions needed for investment, innovation and job creation.

The HLPF will be open to all “Major Groups” and “other stakeholders,” e.g. education and academic entities, volunteer groups, etc., who will be able to:

  • Attend all official meetings of the forum;
  • Have access to all official information and documents;
  • Intervene in official meetings, submit documents and present written and oral contributions, to make recommendations, and to organize side-events and roundtables

Business and industry organizations have submitted recommendations for a dedicated and recognized business channel to the HLPF.

Staff contacts: Norine Kennedy and Adam Greene

US and China Agree to Action on Climate Change

smogAt this month’s U.S.-China Strategic & Economic Dialogue (S&ED) in Washington, D.C., the two countries agreed to undertake a number of steps to address climate change. This followed an announcement that the two nations will begin formal talks on a high-standard bilateral investment treaty (click here for our earlier report).

In May, the USCIB China Environment Task Force met with the EPA’s Steve Wolfson to discuss coordination and capacity-building between China and the U.S. on climate change, including Secretary of State Kerry’s newly created U.S.-China Climate Change Working Group.

On July 10, the working group presented its report on bilateral cooperation between the two countries. This non-binding climate plan lays out five new action initiatives with the goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution by tackling the largest sources of emissions in both countries, focusing on: vehicle emissions; smart grids; carbon capture, utilization and storage; greenhouse gas data collection and management; and building and industry energy efficiency.

In a fact sheet, the U.S. Department of State released the following details of specific projects and commitments.

  1. Reducing emissions from heavy-duty and other vehicles: Heavy-duty vehicles are the fastest growing source of greenhouse gas emissions from transportation in the U.S. and account for more than half of transportation fuel consumed in China. Light-duty vehicles also contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions, fuel use and air pollution. Efforts under this initiative will include advancing comprehensive policies to reduce CO2 and black carbon emissions.
  2. Increasing carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS):
    The U.S. and China account for more than 40 percent of global coal consumption. Emissions from coal combustion in the electric power and industrial sectors can be significantly reduced through CCUS. China and the U.S. will cooperate to overcome barriers by implementing several large-scale, integrated CCUS projects in both countries, which will engage companies in both countries and allow for enhanced trade and commerce.
  3. Increasing energy efficiency in buildings, industry and transport:
    The U.S. and China recognize that there is significant scope for reducing emissions and costs through comprehensive efforts to improve energy efficiency. Both sides commit to intensify their efforts, initially focusing on promoting the energy efficiency of buildings, which account for over 30 percent of energy use in both countries.
  4. Improving greenhouse gas data collection and management:
    Both countries place a high priority on comprehensive, accurate reporting of economy-wide greenhouse gas emissions data to track progress in reducing emissions and to develop and implement mitigation policies. The U.S. will work with China to build capacity for collection and management of greenhouse gas emissions data.
  5. Promoting smart grids: The power sector accounts for over one third of U.S. and Chinese carbon emissions. To reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the power sector and put in place a resilient, low-carbon power grid, both countries will collaborate on developing modern, “smart” grid systems, deploying renewable and clean energy, and improving demand management.

In their joint report, the two parties made clear that this just the beginning of a new phase in U.S.-China cooperation on climate change issues, where the Climate Change Working Group is designed to serve as the new leader in this critical bilateral relationship. Working closely with private sector and non-governmental stakeholders, the working group will develop implementation plans for the following initiatives by October 2013, with the goal of continuing to find new ways to expand cooperation on climate and clean energy issues.

Staff contacts: Norine Kennedy and Justine Badimon

More on USCIB’s Environment Committee

More on USCIB’s China Committee

The UN SDGs and Post-2015 Development Agenda USCIB’s Ongoing Involvement

Background on the Post 2015 Development Agenda

4540_image002Since Rio+20, the United Nations has combined a several related deliberations into an ambitious initiative, collectively referred to as the Post 2015 Development Agenda.  This initiative aims to establish an internationally endorsed framework for economic, social and environmental progress, including the establishment of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).  Related elements include next steps for the U.N. Millennium Development Goals (MDGs); new agenda-setting assessments in ecosystems and biodiversity (IPBES, GEO); and numerous linked climate change and energy initiatives.

USCIB’s input to the UN Process at Rio+20 and beyond

USCIB has been active in multiple UN processes:

  • Norine Kennedy was on hand at Rio+20, representing US industry and serving as advisor to the US government delegation
  • Adam Greene provided input to papers by the International Organization of Employers, the International Chamber of Commerce, and the Business and Industry Advisory Committee to the OECD on Post-2015 and the Sustainable Development Goals
  • USCIB submitted comments on a draft report by Jeffrey Sachs: “An Action Agenda for Sustainable Development.”  Sachs is Director of the Sustainable Development Solutions Network and the UN Secretary General’s special advisor on the MDG’s.

USCIB’s Working Group on Sustainable Development Goals

USCIB will be tracking these complex discussions to their conclusion and has established a cross-cutting Working Group to develop USCIB positions and represent business views in UN negotiations. Two dozen USCIB members have joined the Working Group thus far. This SDG group will:

  • develop USCIB policy and strategy on the SDGs
  • advocate USCIB positions with the U.S. Government, the UN and other relevant actors
  • participate in relevant UN forums and negotiations on the SDG’s
  • coordinate positions with our international business affiliates (ICC, IOE and BIAC)

U.S. Council Foundation’s Green Economies Dialogue

The US Council Foundation, along with numerous partners and sponsors, launched the Green Economies Dialogue (GED) project in 2011. In its first phase, GED1 developed information, tools and a platform for business to engage with national governments, thought leaders, academics and others on the way to Rio+20. These included convening dialogue events in Washington, Paris, Beijing, Tokyo and Brasilia, and inviting a set of peer-reviewed papers published in Energy Economics that provided academic Green Perspectives on business-relevant issues.  Through BIAC, GED1 provided input to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) on green growth and sustainable development, which built on the 2011 OECD Green Growth Strategy. GED1 products, networks and activities for engagement provide an evergreen platform for business to build on to participate in and contribute to Post 2015 Development discussions.

Phase 2 of the GED project (GED2) will direct its focus to “green economy” and “green growth” aspects of the U.N.’s Post 2015 Development Agenda and related UNEP and OECD efforts.  Based on early indications in the Post 2015 Development Agenda and stocktaking events with OECD and UNEP, GED has identified potential new areas for additional academic papers.

USCIB’s September events during the UN General Assembly

USCIB is planning a host of events during September’s UN General Assembly, including a Roundtable on meaningful business engagement in the UN, co-organized with the ICC; a Green Economies Dialogue session; and an all day UN “door knock” program that would allow USCIB Members to meet with select UN delegates and officials.

Staff contact: Norine Kennedy